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WAR WORK 

OF 

WOMEN IN COLLEGES 




/9-ZC 13C 

ISSUED BY 

The Committee on Public Information 

The secretary OF STATE 
The secretary OF WAR 
The SECRE FARY OF THE NAV^' 
GEORGE CREEL 



J nuary.l9f8 



VASHINCTON : GOVERNMENT PI^INTINO OFFICE : IDli 



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WAR WORK OF WOMEN IN COLLEGES, 



How the Colleges Met the War Emergency. 
College War Courses. 
Student War Activities. 
Employment for College Women. 



How American collogos for women met the new responsibilities 
imposed on them by war conditions is told in 150 answers to ques- 
tionnaires sent from the Division on Woman's War Work of the 
Committee on Public Information to the colleges of the country. 
These answers do not, of course, completely cover the war work done 
by the colleges. Conspicuous features have been taken from the 
letters of presidents and deans, and from catalogues and bulletins, 
and collated to give an idea of the work of college girls during the 
ten months that America has been at war. 

The interests and activities of the college girl as a national figure 
are represented, for the information ;comes from State universities, 
small colleges in the South, schools in New York, and in middle west- 
ern towns, old eastern colleges for women, and colleges where almost 
all the students are self-supporting. Though the schools differ in 
size and courses, there is a uniformity in tiie questions which the 
presidents and deans are asldng. The general questions are: 

1. What are the various t3"pes of courses being offered for women 
in college since the war emergency has arisen? Do they receive 
credit ? 

2. Wliat are the war activities of other college women? 

3. What can the college girl do for war service? 

GHmpses of the eagerness of the college girls to do war work is 
shown by the following quotations from letters written to the director 
of the Division on Woman's War Work: "Many of the girls who 
will bo graduated this year desire to go directly into some active war 
work." "Our seniors are asking what thoy can go into." "What 
are the definite requirements for work in France?" "What war 
work can our girls do in the summer?" 

HOW THE COLLEGES MET THE WAR EMERGENCY. 

Tho agency directing war work in many of the colleges is a "war 
council," composed sometimes of faculty, sometimes of students, 
usually of representatives of both. This organization acts under 
various names in different places, such as "The Women's League," 
"War Keiief Committee," "War Emergency Committee," "Patriotic 

41954°— IS (3) 



League of the Y. W. C. A.," and is a clearing house for war activities 
outside the regular curriculum. In many cases this agency registers 
the girls and secures a definite idea of the amount of time they can 
give^to war work. The Bryn Mawr war council has departments of 
registration, food production, food conservation, maintenance of 
existing social agencies, education, Hberty loan, Red Cross, and 
allied reUef. An unusual feature of their educational department is a 
college bureau of information and speakers, which disseminates war 
information of interest to the college, and arranges for visiting 
speakers, trains those interested in pubhc speaking on war subjects, 
and provides material for them. 

The Columbia University Committee on Woman's War Work 
has 8,000 members. It provides volunteers for special purposes 
such as hberty bond selhng and food conservation, as well as general 
activities. Dean Emily Talbot, at the University of Chicago, asked . 
all the women to pledge certain services. This pledge was printed 
on a card which put the whole range of possible interests before the 
girls, and (since the pledge cards were signed and returned) registered 
what active support was on hand. Through the office of Mrs, Lois 
Kimball Matthews, dean of women at the University of Wisconsin, a 
"war service" badge was awarded each girl who registered last 
spring for at least six weeks of serious summer occupation. 

Goucher College, at Baltimore, Md., formulated a war preparedness 

glan which has been adopted either in its entirety or in part by 
Qlwaukee-Downer College, and other schools. The "Goucher plan," 
taken from the Bulletin of 1916 and 1917, is as follows: 

WAR PREPAREDNESS PLAN. 

A state of war between this country and Germany was declared during the Easter 
vacation. As soon as the students returned, steps were taken by them in cooperation 
with the faculty to place Goucher College on a war preparedness basis. Plans were 
made for the mobilization of the students, which included physical, mental, and 
specific preparedness. The students enthusiastically adopted and signed the following 
pledge: 

1. Physical preparedness. (This outlines a program of simple and sensible living.) 

2. Mental preparedness. "In order that I may be informed as to the causes of the 
war, its progress, the changes that have come in the reasons why the nations are at war, 
particularly why the United States is forced to engage therein, I will attend the 8 or 
10 lectures to be given by the history department of Goucher College, and will read 
something every day, either in newspapers, periodicals, or books, recognized as sup- 
porting the policy of our Government." 

3. Specific preparedness. "In addition to preparing myself physically and 
mentally, as above set forth, I will conscientiously take account of my own fitness and 
inclinations and give myself over to specific training offered by some one of the depart- 
ments of Goucher College. I will give this time outside of my regular class-room and 
laboratory duties. I will be loyal and faithful in this regard and will do all in my 
power to stimulate the loyalty and faithfulness of my fellow students. I will under- 
take this specific preparedness willingly and enthusiastically, thankful for the oppor- 
tunity it gives me to respond to my country's call. 

The specific war courses were: Agriculture, nutrition and food 
values, clinical work, wireless telegraphy, automobile mechanism, 
bookkeeping and typewriting, foreign languages (with attention to 
military and business terms), and social service in war time. The 
Bulletin further states: 

The students entered upon war preparedness work, for which they received no 
credit, with enthusiasm and earnestness. Of the 622 students, more than 500 signed 
the application cards as soon as they were printed. 



COLLEGE WAR COURSES. 

It is impossible to estimate the number of "war courses" for which 
the coneges arc giving: credit, as there is no definite data on the sub- 
ject. Tlic usual pohcy seems to be to give credit only to those that 
can be taught by a regular department of the college, and which are 
connected definitely witli the regular work of that department, or 
those which are already in the curriculum and are changed to meet 
the emergency. For instance, at Wellesley, the various war courses 
such as home nursing and stenography are outside the curriculum, 
and receive no credit, while wireless telegraphy and map makin,<^', 
given under the physics and geology departments, are rated as regular 
subjects. Similarly many of the schools have war courses in history, 
for which credit is given. The political science department at the 
Uniyei*sity of Indiana has a timely course in problems of American 
foreign policy, one of the subjects studied being international rela- 
tions. At other places, this is under the head of "war problems." 
In general, the "war emergency" courses are given in the time 
formerly devoted to recreation. Usually, no freshman is allowed to 
elect more than one, and no student can be enrolled unless her work 
is up to the regular standard. 

It is interesting to note that home economics and business courses 
are being given in schools which formerly have had no work in that 
line. The average war courses are: Business, hygiene, social service 
in war time, and home economics. A list of typical war courses in and / 
outside the curriculum, and taken from the recent reports of the ' 
colleges, is: Landlme telegraphy, wireless telegraphy, automobile 
mechanics, nautical astronomy, navigation, elementary nursing, first 
aid, principles of war relief, draftsmanship, medical laboratory 
methods, niap draAvin^, home economics (dietetics, conservation of 
food, training for work in cafeterias and soup kitchens) industrial 
chemistry, farm management, surgical dressings, ofl^ice routine (all 
business training for office work) and a course for teachers of occupa- 
tional therapy. 

' Tlie Harvard Dental School is giving a training course for women 
dental hygienists. Schools of civics and philanthropy are giving 
work in social service in war time, protective work with girls, and 
constructive recreation. The engineering department in several 
universities shows enrollment of women. At the College of the City 
of New York, the offer of a junior engineering course open to graduates 
of the wireless class at Hunter College, establishes radio engineering 
as a new profession for women. At Kansas State Agricultural Col- 
lege, there are 150 women studying to become electrical engineers. 
The Collegiate Alumnae Journal quotes Clarence Reid, professor of 
electrical engineering at the Kansas school, as saying: 

Women are being employed as power-plant operators in the largo central stations 
of Europe and have been found entirely satisfactory. None of the machinery in these 
stations is operated by hand, but is all controlled by various forms of electric motors, 
set into operation by the touch of a button or by electric magnets or air pressure, or 
controlled in some manner so that physical strength is not at all necessary. Work of 
this kind is far less exhausting than many forms of work iu which women are now 
engaged, for central station operators may use seats and have more variety of move- 
ment in their work. Desirable qualification for entering upon engineering study 
comprise ability in mathematics and interest in scientific study. 



6 

About 200 students at Mount Holyoke are taking stenography, 
typewriting, bookkeeping, dietetics, war relief, and first aid. Vassar 
College has four war preparedness courses— hygiene, shorthand and 
typewriting, training for work with aliens, and home economics. 
Wellesley's war plan calls for instruction in the following subjects: 
First aid, statistics and filing, stenography and typewritmg, book- 
keeping, history, household economics, gardening, wireless teleg- 
raphy, and map making. 

STUDENT WAR ACTIVITIES. 

Apart from the war courses, economy, the raising of relief funds, 
and Red Cross work is an index to the contribution of the college 
girl to the war. The program of war economy in most of the colleges 
calls for simphcity in social fife. Banquets and expensive parties 
are tabooed. Vassar has abolished Junior Prom and Class Day, 
and has adopted as one of her war mottoes: "No frills and fripperies." 
Half of the usual dances at the University of Colorado have been 
given up, and those that are given are of the simplest nature. 
Goucher has suspended the publication of the annual yearbook, 
with the provision that the price of subscription for the year's issue 
will be turned by every subscriber to the war fund. At the Uni- 
versity of Wisconsin, there is a committee on student expenditures 
to induce more simple entertainments and more care in personal 
expenditures. Several schools have urged their girls to ask their 
parents for regular rather than intermittent and variable allowances, 
and to keep strict account of their expenditures, planning on the 
personal budget system, as far in advance as possible. Many student 
organizations are adopting the budget plan and cutting down appro- 
priations and expenses. The Junior Promenade at Wisconsin has 
been abandoned, and in its stead a "Liberty bond ball" will be given. 

At least a third of the schools have reported not only an observance 
of the wheatless and meatless days but a willingness for more food 
saving on the part of the girls. The University of Arizona has six 
wheatless meals in addition to those on the regular wheatless day. 
Mount Holyoke girls eat war bread six days out of seven, and have 
two meatless days a week. They voted in the spring to do without 
butter at dinner in order to devote the money saved to the Red Cross. 
Salem College, in North Carolina, imposes fines for wasting food at 
the table. At the University of Colorado the home economics 
department is giving lectures before boarding house keepers and 
fraternity and sorority house managers. Grinnell College in Iowa 
has done away with the selling of sweets on the campus, and the 
sentiment has been such that the consumption of candy has been 
greatly reduced. 

In the line of economy, college war gardens are an important fea- 
ture. These are contemplated at several schools for the coming year. 
A few institutions cultivated gardens last season, and usually the 
vegetables produced supplied the dormitory kitchens. Grinnell had 
a war garden worked entirely by college women. Although it was 
started late, it produced 6 tons of produce, and the girls are planning 
a larger and better one this year. Two girls in charge of the gardens 
of the "kitchen gardening" department of the University of Wis- 
consin during the summer engaged a booth at the city market, where 
they sold their produce for the benefit of the Red Cross. 



The Collegiate Alumnre Journal for September, 1917, speaks of the 
Goucher College gardens: 

Squads of girls planted a large plot of ground with vegetables, the cultivation of 
which was turned over to the city students during the summer. This part of the plaa 
has been successful beyond expectation, and has yielded a goodly supply of vege- 
tables for canning. In fact, the experiment has proved so satisfactory that it will 
probably be continued next year on a iarger scale, and the ultimate development 
18 likely to be a permanent farm or garden worked by the students for the production 
of college supplies. 

Farm work at Mount Holyoke is described by Dean Purrington: 

The work was bec^n early in the spring by asking for volunteers from the student 
body to give some time each week during the spring term. Four hundred responded 
to this, and the volunteers were divided into squads of about 20 students each 
with a leader. These squads were called by the superintendent of the farm as they 
were needed. The college owns farm land which has not been under cultivation 
for a number of years. About 14 acres were plowed and harrowed by men, 
and practically all the rest of the work was done by the students. They removed 
brush, scattered fertilizer, planted crops, hoed, pulled weeds, picked potato bugs, 
and sprayed the vegetables that needed it. 

During the summer there were three squads of 18 students each employed and each 
squad worked a month, beginning with June 15. The college kept open one of its 
smaller houses for these students, paid a cook, and furnished the food. Some of 
the college matrons gave their services as superintendent of the house. The girls 
did the housework with the exception of what the cook did. The timegivenby each 
student to farming was four hours a day and to housework one hour. With one or 
two exceptions, the students had not had previous agricultural experience. The lead- 
ers of the squads received instructions from the manager and his assistant, and these 
leaders in turn instructed the squads. 

Although the girls did not have systematic training beforehand, they gathered a 
good deal of information as they worked. From the point of food production the 
experiment was a decided Access. The 6nancial statement has just been issued and 
shows that all expenses were covered, including the cost of implements, and that there 
is a small surplus in money. A kitchen garden helped to lessen the expenses for 
board. The crops raised were those that could be used in furnishing the colle";e 
table. The last squad, which came about the middle of August, had comparatively 
little out-of-door work to do, so under the direction of the head of the department of 
botany they devoted a good deal of their time to drying and pickling. It did not 
eeem advisable for the college to go into canning, as it would have involved a large 
outlay in equipment, but many bushels of corn were dried and string beans laid down 
in salt. After the opening of college in September, volunteers were called out to 
help harvest the crops.- The summer farmers came back to college this fall in unusu- 
ally fine physical condition and are most enthusiastic about the work. I think the 
majority of them would be glad to undertake the same work again next sununer 
should it seem wise to continue the experiment. 

The "agricultural unit" of Vassar College worked on the model 
farm whicli supplies much of the food for the college dining rooms. 
In the spring when the shortage of labor became evident, 14 girls 
volunteered to work during the summer until harvest. They were 
chosen from a group of applicants and passed a physical examination. 
They commenced June 17 and finished the work August 11. Start- 
ing at 4 o'clock in the morning, they worked at every kind of farm 
labor — harvesting, running machinery, etc. At the af^ricultural 
exhibition at Springfield, Mass., in the fall they gave a demonstra- 
tion of their ability as practical farmers. The Collegiate AlumnsB 
Jom'nal says: 

The girls are paid 17i cents an hour. Their day averages 8 to 9 hours work. Both 
head fanner and gardener say the girls have done much better than they expected 
and are equal to if not more thorough than tho men in comparable tasks. The adverse 
comments and predictions as to the effectiveness of the girls' work have beeo utterly 
disproved, as have the warnings of physical breakdowns. 



8 

The raising of relief funds and subscriptions to the liberty loan has 
met a really tremendous response from college women. Shoo shin- 
ing, hairdressing, making beds, every sort of work, has its cash 
equivalent to enable the girls to meet their quota of the funds. In 
one of the halls at Wellosley there are signs on every door, giving 
lists of the work which the occupants can do, with prices attached. 
Many of the deans speak of the way in which students are economiz- 
ing this year and diverting the money spent on luxuries to the student 
friendship fund. Red Cross membership, etc. Salem College has a 
unique method of raising funds. The student body has not incurred 
the expense of printing the college paper, The Ivy, this year. In- 
stead, the editor reads the articles received for the usual departments 
of the magazine to the students. The advertisers have patriotically 
agreed to pay the usual amount for space, and the advertisements 
are read also. The complete Gle of the magazine thus prepared will 
be presented to the college at the end of the year. 

At practically every college with which the Committee on Public 
Information has been in commmiication, there is an active Red Cross 
organization, either as a separate unit or as an auxiliary to the local 
chapter. Everywhere, leisure hours seem to be measm'ed in terms 
of sweaters for soldiers and sailors, pinafores for refugee babies, and 
bandages for the wounded. In many colleges a room has been 
turned over to surgical dressings work under the supervision of a 
trained nurse or one of the faculty who has had the proper training. 
At St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minn., 120 out of 260 women have 
Red Cross certificates in first aid. Twenty have received training 
as supervisors of surgical dressings, and the workrooms are conducted 
under their charge. 

In some colleges Red Cross is not left to the casual worker but is 
organized in a military way. The president of the "Social Service" 
at Rockford College, Rockiord, 111., is the commanding ofhcer of the 
organization and under her are captains who have charge of the 
squads and see that they give their pledged amount of time to the 
workrooms. Reed College, Portland, Oreg., has p, military organiza- 
tion for knitting, with captains in charge of 13 companies who oversee 
the work. At Randolph-Macon in Lynchburg, Va., the "Sophomore 
Militia" has made 52 pairs of curtains and 20 sofa pillows for the 
Hostess House at Camp Lee. The "Freshman Relief Corps" is 
completing 100 comfort kits. At this school the waitresses in the 
various dining rooms have done splendid work in helping with 
sewing done for the Lynchburg Red Cross chapter. New York 
University is installing five knitting machines for making socks, 
and free lessons will be given both men and women. 

Innumerable other patriotic measures have been undertaken. The 
girls of almost every coeducational college, from which such great 
numbers of men have gone to training camps and the front, provided 
Christmas boxes for the soldiers, and many have an arrangement 
which assures each soldier at least one letter a week. Hope College, 
Holland, Mich., has a card index with the addresses of the Hope men 
in service, and the University of Washhigton girls keep a card file of 
the 1,000 university men who are in the fighting forces in order to 
supply them with copies of the college daily paper. "Chocolate bar 
days," when contributions are taken to buy chocolate bars for the 
Oregon boys in the service, is the latest plan of college girls at the 



Oregon State Agricultural College. The women of Reed College, 
Portland, Oregon, have established an emergency fund for Reed men 
who have enhsted. This fund will take care of Reed men and de- 
pendents, and will help the students who return disa])led to finish 
their college work. At Oberlin and other schools each boarding hall 
and dormitory is enlisted for the support of one or more French 
orphans. There is a College Periodical League which furnishes 
soldiers and sailors with magazines. 

College alumnaB have been of active service in connection with all 
the organizations for women's war service. The Association of Col- 
legiate Alumnse is issuing war bulletins to its members and is concen- 
trating its attention upon a speaker's bureau to cooperate with the 
Spealdng Division of the Committee on Public Information. It has 
in its membership thousands of women who are trained public speak- 
ers. Through them it wiU reach the people m the most remote dis- 
tricts, using for that purpose various agencies to secure audiences. 
Women's College Clubs m several cities are the registration places for 
volunteer service. 

There has been a great amount of interest shown in the work of the 
Smith College Relief Unit which is now at work in the devastated dis- 
trict of France. This unit is composed of 20 women of varied types 
of training. Two are physicians; several have large experience in 
social work; some know France thoroughly; a few are skdled motor 
drivers. One can teach cobbling, which she learned when teaching 
in a mountain school in the South. She has practiced further under 
a French shoemaker and hopes to teach the trade to French children. 
The following description is taken from a letter sent out to Smith 
alumnae by Helen Rand Thayer: 

At Grecourt in the Somme, quartered in the grounds of an old chateau, Smith 
College is making its latest if not its greatest tradition. On a limited diet, in chilly 
quarters, the unit is doing a tremendous work. The members have undertaken the 
rehabilitation of a district of 16 villages, with a population of about 1,200 persons, 
chiefly older women and children. They have established dispensaries, play centers, 
a community farm, and stores. They are cooperating with the Government in the 
opening of schools which have been closed for three years and starting industrial 
classes and workshops. In the little church at Grecourt they arranged for the first 
service since the opening of the war, a service to which the people for miles around 
came with tears of joy. The need is tremendous. The homes are in ruins, the people 
without clothing, household appliances, or farm implements. They are living in 
cellar holes or the flimsiest of shacks. The children are undernourished. Lumber 
for housing, beds and bedding, clothes, and shoes must be had at once. Coal is $120 
a ton, and gasoline $1 .50 a gallon. The unit owns and runs three trucks. Mrs. Hawes, 
the first director, has been ill, and Dr. Tallanthas has been appointed the director, 
with Marie Wolfs as assistant. 

EMPLOYMENT FOR COLLEGE WOMEN. 

In answer to the question, "What actual war service can the col- 
lege girl do?" the reports of the intercollegiate bureaus of occupation 
in New York City, Chicago, Boston, Detroit, Philadelphia, Kansas 
City, Pittsburgh, Denver, and Los Angeles throw an illuminating 
light upon the present opening for college girls in industry. 

The New York bureau's statement of its experience seems to be 

true of the others: 

The typical call from the employer is not for some one to fill a place of importance 
made vacant by the draft. Such positions are being filled by promotions within 
the establishments in which they occur. We find that employers are under the 



10 

pressure of increased business and increased costs, so that they are unwilling to teke 
tiie time to train a beginner. In short, training and experience are demanded as 
never before. 

However, the Chicago bureau says, in November: 

The colletnate bureau sees the shining side of the shield of war in the varied oppor- 
tunities of work for women. We have chemists at work with the Western Electric 
Co which for the first time in its history has opened the doors of its laboratory to 
women, and many calls for eecretaries and translators with a knowledge of French 
and Spanish. 

The report of the Detroit Branch is also representative of the 
other cities: 

We are feeling very distinctly the demand for women with technical training and 
mathematical minds. 

Quoting from reports of different bureaus: 

A number of industrial laboratories show a tendency to employ women where only 
men have been employed. Anyone with organic and inorganic chemistry can find 
openings in analytical work. Those with a knowledge of statistics are in great de- 
mand. Women in Wall Street say that business statisticians \viil be needed by large 
corporations. 

The report of the Philadelphia bureau in reference to the agricul- 
tural situation in that part of the country is: 

Specially trained agriculturists have been placed as farm and vegetable garden 
managers, some to carry on the work for themselves, others to teach groups of girls prac- 
tical methods of vegetable gardening. Far more women have e\-inced an interest 
in farm work than' the department has been able to place. A survey was made of the 
conditions existing in the surrounding countries. The results obtained show that 
the farmers about Pliiladelphia in general have not wanted inexperienced woman 
l>bor for outdoor farm work because there has been an ample supply of unskilled 
men and boys whose work was jn-eferable. Next year may bring more acute labor 
needs. 

The Mayor's Committee of Women on National Defense of New 
York City in December suggests the formation of agricultural units 
for college girls this siunmer in the following statement: 

To increase the food supply means that there must be more labor on farms. Women 
have demonstrated in Europe that they are able to perform efficiently almost any kind 
of farm work. "Why not let them try it here? Most farmers in this country are not 
used to women as farm hands; they must be persuaded to try them and be conWnced 
of their value. One great difficulty in the way of getting farmers is the impossibility 
of housing and feeding them in the farmer's household. To meet tliis situation the 
unit plan is proposed; that is, the organization of groups of women workers, numbering 
from G to 50 or more, who shall live and eat together in a central place, and go out from 
there singly or in squads to work by the day on farms or estates in the vicinity. They 
may live in a house unused and loaned for the purpose, or in a bam temporarily 
fitted up for camping, or in tents. 

Of the need for women in nursing, Miss Jane Delano, director of 
the American Red Cross Nursing Service, says: 

For many years to come the demand for women trained for nursing, including wel- 
fare work and health service, will increase tremendously, and to meet this need women 
of ability and education can do no better than to take seriously the work of training 
as nurses, believing that they are not only qualifying themselves for most important 
service on the completion of their course, but that even during the period of training, 
they are helping to solve the nursing problems confronting us. If the women of 
America fail to realize their duty at this time the American men who have been called 
upon to offer their lives for their country may suffer accordingly. 

Vassar College is to give its equipment this summer for a three months' preliminary 
course in subjects required in the best schools for nursing. The girls will come from 
classes of 1908 to 1918, in the colleges under the Collegiate Alumnse Association. A 
partial list of the subjects in the course is: Household management, elementary 
nursing, including bandaging, anatomy, physiology, applied chemistry, bacteriology, 



11 

,hology, hospital economicg, dietetics and allied subjects. This preliminary 
..ining as a nurse will admit the students to training schools where credit of from six 
, nine months, or in some cases, one full year, will be given. The Red Cross haa 
Appropriated $75,000 for the summer's work. 

It has been announced that 37,000 nurses will be needed in the 
Army Nurse Corps. The creation of a corps to be known as "Recon- 
struction Aides" whose work it will be to assist in the first stao-e of 
'rebuilding" and reeducating disabled soldiers sent back ?rom 
France is a part of the reconstruction program of the Government. 
Ivfiss Marguerite Sanderson, president of the Boston School of 
Physical Education, is the supervisor of the new corps. Teachers 
of physical education and those who have specialized in corrective 
work with hospital experience are most hkely, it is stated, to have 
the preparation necessary for the work the new corps will do. 

Several deans of women have asked "What way can the Govern- 
ment utilize women?" The increased needs of the Federal depart- 
ments have opened many positions. There is a constant call for 
stenographers and typists. Although examinations are being held 
weekly, the demand does not decrease, rather it grows. Information 
about civil service examinations and the dates of examining may be 
had from the United States Civil Service Commission, Washington, 
D. C. ; Secretary of the United States Civil Service Commission 
Board, Custom House, Boston, Mass.; New York City; New Orleans, 
La.; Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa.; Atlanta, Ga. ; Cincinnati, Ohio; 
Chicago, 111.; St. Paul, Minn.; Seattle, Wash.; San Francisco, Cal.; 
Old Custom House, St. Louis, Mo. 

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